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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperfeinstruktur</span></h1>
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<p>Die <b>Hyperfeinstruktur</b> ist eine Energieaufspaltung in den <a href="Spektrallinie" title="Spektrallinie">Spektrallinien</a> der <a href="Atomspektrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomspektrum">Atomspektren</a>. Sie ist etwa 2000-fach kleiner als die der <a href="Feinstruktur_(Physik)" title="Feinstruktur (Physik)">Feinstruktur</a>-Aufspaltung. Die Hyperfeinstruktur beruht auf der Wechselwirkung der <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a> mit <a href="Magnetisches_Moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetisches Moment">magnetischen</a> (<a href="Dipol_(Physik)" title="Dipol (Physik)">Dipol</a>-) und <a href="Elektrisches_Dipolmoment" title="Elektrisches Dipolmoment">elektrischen</a> (<a href="Quadrupol" title="Quadrupol">Quadrupol</a>-) Momenten des <a href="Atomkern" title="Atomkern">Kerns</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kernspin-Effekt">Kernspin-Effekt</h2></div>
<p>Im engeren Sinne versteht man unter Hyperfeinstruktur die Aufspaltung der <a href="Energieniveau" title="Energieniveau">Energieniveaus</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {HFS} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {HFS} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bec6431ca71d7ef12220cb35c150647bca5adc57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.807ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {HFS} }}" loading="lazy"></span> eines <a href="Atom" title="Atom">Atomes</a> – gegenüber den Niveaus der Feinstruktur – aufgrund der Kopplung des magnetischen Moments <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}_{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}_{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0374b9bba8f3d6ed5210fd71fff6ca588a9f2539.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.462ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}_{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Kerns mit dem <a href="Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus">Magnetfeld</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {B}}_{J}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {B}}_{J}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9473e546936e9ee10628d91ad69d7f3ad0e01980.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.037ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {B}}_{J}}" loading="lazy"></span>, das die Elektronen an seinem Ort erzeugen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta V_{\mathrm {HFS} }=-{\vec {\mu }}_{I}\cdot {\vec {B}}_{J}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta V_{\mathrm {HFS} }=-{\vec {\mu }}_{I}\cdot {\vec {B}}_{J}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b276e5247c27a8ae8ea49833b868c54872ddb7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.828ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta V_{\mathrm {HFS} }=-{\vec {\mu }}_{I}\cdot {\vec {B}}_{J}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei bedeuten die Indizes:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span>: <a href="Kernspin" title="Kernspin">Kernspin</a></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span>: <a href="Nebenquantenzahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebenquantenzahl">Hüllendrehimpuls</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Die größte Hyperfeinstruktur-Aufspaltung zeigen <a href="Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration">s-Elektronen</a>, weil nur sie eine größere <a href="Aufenthaltswahrscheinlichkeit" title="Aufenthaltswahrscheinlichkeit">Aufenthaltswahrscheinlichkeit</a> am Ort des Kerns besitzen.
</p><p>In einem <i>schwachen</i> äußeren <a href="Magnetfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetfeld">Magnetfeld</a> spalten sich die Energieniveaus gemäß einer sehr ähnlichen Formel weiter auf nach der <a href="Quantenzahl#Magnetische_Quantenzahl_des_Bahndrehimpulses" title="Quantenzahl">magnetischen Quantenzahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f935b1596af3799f578927091ed0527aedfba890.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.504ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Hyperfeinstruktur (<a href="Zeeman-Effekt" title="Zeeman-Effekt">Zeeman-Effekt</a>). In einem <i>starken</i> äußeren Magnetfeld entkoppeln der Kern- und der Hüllendrehimpuls, so dass man eine Aufspaltung nach der magnetischen Quantenzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85d4a0ac02fa5170954e0a462b0c68eb22150e12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.101ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Kerns beobachtet (<a href="Paschen-Back-Effekt" title="Paschen-Back-Effekt">Paschen-Back-Effekt</a>). Für beliebige Feldstärken kann man (im Fall verschwindenden Bahndrehimpulses) die <a href="Breit-Rabi-Formel" title="Breit-Rabi-Formel">Breit-Rabi-Formel</a> heranziehen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematische_Formulierung">Mathematische Formulierung</h3></div>
<p>Die Kopplung bewirkt, dass der <a href="Gesamtdrehimpuls" title="Gesamtdrehimpuls">Gesamtdrehimpuls</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef40edff397a115ecdce7d3518001dfcc7f37d9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.771ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Atoms, der die Summe des Hüllendrehimpulses <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {J}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {J}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f64ab02528d2b80e1df79bc2a8762489a986afa8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.788ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {J}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und des Kernspins <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {I}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {I}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0be69ccc4a6fea248e79bbf3c250100faa8ba9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.487ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {I}}}" loading="lazy"></span> darstellt, <a href="Quantelung" title="Quantelung">gequantelt</a> ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\vec {F}}|=\hbar {\sqrt {F(F+1)}}=|{\vec {J}}+{\vec {I}}|.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\vec {F}}|=\hbar {\sqrt {F(F+1)}}=|{\vec {J}}+{\vec {I}}|.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c31f729c798e24d1ccdf5c3fa59256025111cd3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:30.242ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\vec {F}}|=\hbar {\sqrt {F(F+1)}}=|{\vec {J}}+{\vec {I}}|.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Quantenzahl" title="Quantenzahl">Quantenzahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> ist halb- oder ganzzahlig und kann die Werte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{|J-I|,\dots ,J+I\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{|J-I|,\dots ,J+I\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2790322d656a016e88199d277318d9fbeb96d03f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.764ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{|J-I|,\dots ,J+I\}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Abstand von&nbsp;1 annehmen.
</p><p>Die Wechselwirkungsenergie beträgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta V_{\mathrm {HFS} }&amp;=-{\vec {\mu }}_{I}\cdot {\vec {B}}_{J}\\&amp;=g_{I}\cdot \mu _{\mathrm {N} }\cdot B_{J}\,{\frac {F(F+1)-[J(J+1)+I(I+1)]}{2{\sqrt {J(J+1)}}}}\\&amp;={\frac {A}{2}}\,\left(F(F+1)-[J(J+1)+I(I+1)]\right).\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>A</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta V_{\mathrm {HFS} }&amp;=-{\vec {\mu }}_{I}\cdot {\vec {B}}_{J}\\&amp;=g_{I}\cdot \mu _{\mathrm {N} }\cdot B_{J}\,{\frac {F(F+1)-[J(J+1)+I(I+1)]}{2{\sqrt {J(J+1)}}}}\\&amp;={\frac {A}{2}}\,\left(F(F+1)-[J(J+1)+I(I+1)]\right).\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e71edd4baa871fc95a30f9bfc26fe6e4c1eac2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.505ex; width:56.426ex; height:16.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta V_{\mathrm {HFS} }&amp;=-{\vec {\mu }}_{I}\cdot {\vec {B}}_{J}\\&amp;=g_{I}\cdot \mu _{\mathrm {N} }\cdot B_{J}\,{\frac {F(F+1)-[J(J+1)+I(I+1)]}{2{\sqrt {J(J+1)}}}}\\&amp;={\frac {A}{2}}\,\left(F(F+1)-[J(J+1)+I(I+1)]\right).\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/628473361bb19bb217510becf7ca22d8e577901e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.17ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Land%C3%A9-Faktor" title="Landé-Faktor">Landé-Faktor</a> des Kerns</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }={\frac {e\hbar }{2m_{\mathrm {p} }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }={\frac {e\hbar }{2m_{\mathrm {p} }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49720cef80dc37d8a72bd487d467a8ce3265d973.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:11.15ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {N} }={\frac {e\hbar }{2m_{\mathrm {p} }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Kernmagneton" title="Kernmagneton">Kernmagneton</a>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> die elektrische <a href="Elementarladung" title="Elementarladung">Elementarladung</a></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de68de3a92517953436c93b5a76461d49160cc41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.306ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar }" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Reduzierte_Planck-Konstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduzierte Planck-Konstante">reduzierte Planck-Konstante</a></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {p} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {p} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/401adb92398a22eac415b70e82fec84d846fd1fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.187ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {p} }}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Proton" title="Proton">Protonenmasse</a></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\frac {g_{I}\mu _{\mathrm {N} }B_{J}}{\sqrt {J(J+1)}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\frac {g_{I}\mu _{\mathrm {N} }B_{J}}{\sqrt {J(J+1)}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d28ce17c69bea319f063435f893a979d6bcc9221.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:16.756ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\frac {g_{I}\mu _{\mathrm {N} }B_{J}}{\sqrt {J(J+1)}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Hyperfeinstruktur-Konstante.</li></ul>
<p>Das magnetische Moment und der Drehimpuls des Kerns stehen in folgender Beziehung:
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}_{I}={\frac {g_{I}\mu _{\mathrm {N} }}{\hbar }}{\vec {I}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}_{I}={\frac {g_{I}\mu _{\mathrm {N} }}{\hbar }}{\vec {I}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8cf311d0fb6e53e40405e6fdf88233b90afa92de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.568ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}_{I}={\frac {g_{I}\mu _{\mathrm {N} }}{\hbar }}{\vec {I}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Zur Bestimmung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {HFS} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {HFS} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bec6431ca71d7ef12220cb35c150647bca5adc57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.807ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {HFS} }}" loading="lazy"></span> benötigt man die Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/628473361bb19bb217510becf7ca22d8e577901e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.17ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{J}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{J}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/835dfd4529134227f19b318de00c82f65521bc6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.037ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{J}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/628473361bb19bb217510becf7ca22d8e577901e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.17ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> kann durch <a href="Kernspinresonanz" title="Kernspinresonanz">Kernspinresonanz</a>-Messungen bestimmt werden, der von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{J}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{J}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/835dfd4529134227f19b318de00c82f65521bc6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.037ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{J}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus der <a href="Wellenfunktion" title="Wellenfunktion">Wellenfunktion</a> der Elektronen, die allerdings für Atome mit einer <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> größer 1 nur numerisch zu berechnen ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h3></div>
<p><a href="%C3%9Cbergang_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Übergang (Quantenmechanik)">Übergänge</a> zwischen Hyperfeinstrukturzuständen werden in <a href="Atomuhr" title="Atomuhr">Atomuhren</a> verwendet, weil ihre <a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Frequenz</a> (wie die aller atomaren Übergänge) in Abwesenheit äußerer Einflüsse konstant ist. Außerdem sind sie sehr genau mit relativ einfachen Mitteln zu erzeugen und zu messen, da sie im <a href="Radiofrequenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiofrequenz">Radiofrequenz</a>- oder <a href="Mikrowellen" title="Mikrowellen">Mikrowellenbereich</a> liegen. Seit 1967 wird die <a href="SI-Einheit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI-Einheit">SI-Einheit</a> <a href="Sekunde" title="Sekunde">Sekunde</a> mittels Übergängen zwischen den beiden Hyperfeinstrukturniveaus des Grundzustandes des <a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a>-Isotops <sup>133</sup>Cs festgelegt.
</p><p>Die Frequenz für den Übergang des <a href="Grundzustand" title="Grundzustand">Grundzustandes</a> des <a href="Wasserstoffatom" title="Wasserstoffatom">Wasserstoffatoms</a> zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99cf4e93252b52e6e3e47db8f3c6888b067613f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.002ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/745afacbd4fd9affdc51ac09a0ecabae08da8676.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.002ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=0}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Spin-Flip" title="Spin-Flip">Spin-Flip</a>) beträgt 1,42&nbsp;<a href="GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a>, was einer Energiedifferenz von 5,87&nbsp;<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">μeV</a> und einer <a href="Wellenl%C3%A4nge" title="Wellenlänge">Wellenlänge</a> von 21&nbsp;cm entspricht. Diese sog. <a href="HI-Linie" title="HI-Linie">HI-Linie</a> (H-Eins-Linie) ist von großer Bedeutung für die <a href="Radioastronomie" title="Radioastronomie">Radioastronomie</a>. Durch Messung der <a href="Dopplerverschiebung" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopplerverschiebung">Dopplerverschiebung</a> dieser Linie lässt sich die Bewegung <a href="Interstellares_Medium" title="Interstellares Medium">interstellarer Gaswolken</a> relativ zur Erde bestimmen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hyperfeinwechselwirkung_in_Molekülen_und_Kristallen"><span id="Hyperfeinwechselwirkung_in_Molek.C3.BClen_und_Kristallen"></span>Hyperfeinwechselwirkung in Molekülen und Kristallen</h2></div>
<p>Elektrische und magnetische Felder der Nachbaratome in Molekülen und Kristallen sowie die Atomhülle selbst beeinflussen die Aufspaltung der Spinzustände in die beobachtete Hyperfeinstruktur. In der <a href="Festk%C3%B6rperphysik" title="Festkörperphysik">Festkörperphysik</a> und in der <a href="Festk%C3%B6rperchemie" title="Festkörperchemie">Festkörperchemie</a> werden Methoden der <a href="Nukleare_Festk%C3%B6rperphysik" title="Nukleare Festkörperphysik">nuklearen Festkörperphysik</a> genutzt, um die lokale Struktur in <a href="Festk%C3%B6rper" title="Festkörper">Festkörpern</a> (Metallen, Halbleitern, Isolatoren) zu untersuchen. Diese Methoden, wie <a href="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie" title="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie">Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie</a> (NMR), <a href="M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer-Spektroskopie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mößbauer-Spektroskopie">Mößbauer-Spektroskopie</a> und <a href="Gest%C3%B6rte_Gamma-Gamma-Winkelkorrelation" title="Gestörte Gamma-Gamma-Winkelkorrelation">Gestörte Gamma-Gamma-Winkelkorrelation</a> (PAC-Spektroskopie), ermöglichen mit hoher Sensitivität unter Nutzung des Atomkerns als Sonde, Strukturen auf atomar Skala zu erforschen.
In der <a href="Chemie" title="Chemie">Chemie</a> und <a href="Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemie</a> wird NMR zur strukturellen Analyse von Molekülen verwendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Land%C3%A9sche_Intervallregel" title="Landésche Intervallregel">Landésche Intervallregel</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Stephanus Büttgenbach: <i>Hyperfine structure in 4d- and 5d-shell atoms.</i> Springer, Berlin 1982, ISBN 0-387-11740-7</li>
<li>Lloyd Armstrong: <i>Theory of the hyperfine structure of free atoms.</i> Wiley-Interscience, New York 1971, ISBN 0-471-03335-9</li></ul>
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